Janus: A Summing Up is a 1978 book by Arthur Koestler (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler) that develops his philosophical idea of the holarchy, introduced in his 1967 book, The Ghost in the Machine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_in_the_Machine).
The holarchy provides a coherent way of organizing knowledge and nature all together. The idea of the holarchy is that everything we can think of is composed of holos (simultaneously both part and whole), so that each holon is always a constituent of a larger one and yet also contains other holons that are constituents of a lower level system within. Every holon is like a two-faced Janus, the Roman god: one side (the whole) looks down (or inward); the other side (the part) looks up (or outward). Each whole is a part of something greater, and each part is in turn an organizing whole to the elements that constitute it. Koestler believed that everything in a healthy system is organized this way, from the human body, to chemistry to the history of philosophy.
The concept of holon, however, is closely integrated in Janus with the theory of complex systems as was developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Herbert Simon, both well known investigators and friends of Koestler. Janus put together one of the first broad based arguments for incorporating the theory of complex systems into the philosophy of science and epistemology. You may find flaws in this and disagree with some arguments but it is an absorbing read.
Follow up an interest in Koestler’s life with Koestler: The Indispensable Intellectual (2009) by Michael Scammell (http://www.amazon.co.uk/Koestler-Indispensable-Professor-Michael-Scammell/dp/0571138535/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1387314025&sr=8-1&keywords=koestler+scammell)
356 pages in Picador paperback edition
ISBN 978-0330258425
Arthur Koestler